Education Spending
What Bethany spends on schools, per student and against its peers, on the state’s uniform figures.
- AUDITED FY 2013-14 → FY 2022-23
- PULLED 2026-08-10
- Per-pupil spending — There is more than one per-pupil number, and they are not interchangeable. The town pages and the statewide rankings print the state Department of Education's Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil; a figure divided from OPM spending and average daily membership, which this site used until September 2026, is a different measure.
- Medians, and why the town is left out of its own — A group is summarized by its median — the middle town, not the average. The subject town is excluded from its own group median, because a town cannot be part of the benchmark it is measured against.
- Peer groups — A peer group is a tool for a specific question, not a verdict. A group that is right for comparing school spending can be wrong for comparing snow plowing. Where two defensible groups disagree, this site shows both.
- Reported school staffing — Staffing figures are positions each district reports to the state under fixed assignment categories. They count reported roles, not workload, and a category boundary can move a person between lines without anyone changing jobs.
- Audited actuals — Audited actuals are what a town actually spent and received across all its governmental funds, as reported after the year closed. They are not the budget the town adopted.
- State aid — Intergovernmental revenue is money from the state and federal governments, education aid included. A town's share of it reflects state formulas as much as anything the town decides.
10 terms bear on this page; the 6 most used are above. Full definitions, what each measure does not support, and the source behind it: How these numbers work.
- Per-pupil spending here is the state’s published figure. Net current expenditures (CGS § 10-261) leave out transportation, capital, debt service, adult education and several receipts, and add tuition a town pays for students educated elsewhere; they are divided by the resident students the town is responsible for. A regional district’s costs are counted against its member towns. This replaced a figure the site used to divide itself from OPM’s education spending and enrollment, which is a different measure and gives different numbers — why the two differ, and both figures for every town.
- Towns whose regional district runs every grade. Since 2017–18 the state has printed no separate per-pupil row for these towns, only the regional district’s. For those years such a town’s figure is its district’s, the same for every member town, and each chart names the district where it does this.
- Coverage. The per-pupil charts and the OPM charts cover different spans; the exact years appear here once the data loads. The four charts below them come from a different source on a school-year basis and cover a span of their own, named in their own note.
- The state datasets on this page cover different years. The per-pupil figures, OPM’s audited spending and the Education Cost Sharing estimates each end in a different year. Each chart names the years its own numbers come from rather than assuming they line up.
01 What does the town spend on each student?
Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil Over Time
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Source: CT State Department of Education, Bureau of Fiscal Services, Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil (ncep, with nce ÷ adm), via ct_ncep_towns.json: the Connecticut Public School Expenditures Report workbooks for the earlier years, the Department’s per-pupil reports as mirrored by the School + State Finance Project for the years the Department no longer posts, and its current workbook for the latest year. Each peer town’s own figure is taken first; the two dashed lines are the median across those figures, year by year, and exclude the subject town. For a town whose regional district runs every grade, years from 2017–18 are the district’s own figure, named in the finding. Nominal dollars.
02 How much has that changed?
Change in Spending Per Pupil, First to Last Reported Year
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Source: CT State Department of Education, Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil (ncep), via ct_ncep_towns.json, each town indexed off its own first and last reported values rather than off fixed endpoints. For a town whose regional district runs every grade, the later figure is the district’s. A change in this measure can come from the spending side, the student side, or both; the chart does not separate them. Nominal dollars.
03 How does that compare with similar towns?
Spending Per Pupil, Latest Reported Year
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Source: CT State Department of Education, Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil (ncep), via ct_ncep_towns.json, most recent reported school year. Towns the source reports no figure for in that year are omitted rather than charted at zero. Towns whose regional district runs every grade carry the district’s figure, so towns in the same district show the same bar. District size, grade span, transportation distance and special-education needs differ from town to town.
04 How does spending per pupil line up with town income?
Income and Spending Per Pupil, Connecticut Towns Reporting Both
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Source: vertical axis — CT State Department of Education, Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil (ncep), via ct_ncep_towns.json, most recent reported school year. Horizontal axis — US Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B19013 (median_household_income), most recent release carried in /data/ct_town_income.json. The two axes come from different sources on different year bases: the spending figure is a single school year, while an ACS 5-year estimate pools five calendar years and is expressed in dollars of its release year, so the two are not aligned in time and the chart does not claim they are. The dashed line is a least-squares fit describing the pattern across the towns plotted; it is a description of those points, not a prediction for any town and not evidence that either measure causes the other. ACS figures carry margins of error that are not shown here. Towns whose regional district runs every grade carry the district’s figure.
06 How much education aid does the state send?
Education Cost Sharing Per Pupil, Latest Estimated Year
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Source: numerator — CT OPM, Estimates of Statutory Aid to Municipalities, sdcm-adr4 (education_cost_sharing). These are OPM estimates of statutory aid, not audited receipts; a town’s books can differ and the estimate is revised. The dataset carries only a few fiscal years and no education-aid history beyond them — the insight box below names them — so it supports a current-year comparison rather than a trend. Education Cost Sharing is one component of intergovernmental revenue, not the whole of it. Denominator — CT OPM Municipal Fiscal Indicators, ej6f-y2wf (school_enrollment_average). The two datasets do not cover the same fiscal years; the insight box names the aid year and the enrollment year separately rather than implying they match. Regional-district towns and towns running their own districts count students differently for this purpose, and the grant is set by a statutory formula that is not a per-pupil rate.
- Coverage and collection. The school years covered, and the collection method the file records for itself, appear here once the data loads.
- The source’s own caveats, carried word for word: these appear here once the data loads.
- Which district each chart covers. The districts this file carries for this town appear here once the data loads. Staffing is reported by the district that employs the staff. A town that sends some grades to a regional school district therefore does not have those teachers and administrators in its own district’s count — they are counted in the receiving district. Every chart below names the district each line covers, and no chart adds two districts together.
- Grouping the assignment categories is this site’s editorial decision, not the state’s. The state reports positions under assignment categories whose names are its own and whose wording has changed over the years covered. Two charts below combine those categories into named groups so the legend stays readable; the groups, and the exact source categories in each, appear here once the data loads. A different grouping would produce different lines, and the groups are this site’s, not the state’s.
07 Has staffing moved with the number of students?
October 1 Enrollment and Total Reported Staffing
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Source: CT State Department of Education, EdSight — the enrollment dashboard (enrollment.total_enrollment, the October 1 count) and the FTE staffing report (the fte value of every category under fte_staffing.categories, summed). Read one school year at a time. FTE staffing is reported by the district that employs the staff, so a district’s line covers only the positions that district employs. A school year the source has no row for is a gap, left as a break in the line rather than plotted as zero.
08 What kinds of positions make up the staff?
Reported Positions by Assignment Category, Share of Each Year’s Total
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Source: CT State Department of Education, EdSight FTE staffing report (the fte value of each category under fte_staffing.categories, as a share of the same year’s reported total). Read one school year at a time. Category names are the state’s own and their wording has changed over the years covered; the grouping below is this site’s editorial decision and the file makes no grouping of its own. A category with no row in a given year is a gap in the source rather than a zero, so a year missing a category is a share of the categories that year reports.
09 Which roles grew and which shrank?
Change in Reported Positions: Administrators and Coordinators, General Education Teachers, Special Education Teachers, and Instructional Specialists
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Source: CT State Department of Education, EdSight FTE staffing report (the fte value of the categories under fte_staffing.categories named here: ). Read one school year at a time. Combining the two administrator categories into one line is this site’s editorial decision; the state reports them separately. Percent change is computed off each group’s own first reported year, and the insight box names those years. A group is a count of positions, not of people or of spending, and it says nothing about what those positions are paid.
10 How many students are there per teaching position?
Students per General Education Teaching Position
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Source: numerator — CT State Department of Education, EdSight enrollment dashboard (enrollment.total_enrollment, the October 1 count). Denominator — EdSight FTE staffing report (the fte value of the general education teacher category under fte_staffing.categories). Read one school year at a time. Both figures come from the same district and the same school year, and both are reported by the district that employs the staff. This ratio is not a class size, not an average class size, and not a figure the state publishes; the state does not report class sizes here and this page does not estimate them.
- A different measure from the OPM education-share and state-aid charts above. Net current expenditures are defined in Conn. Gen. Stat. § 10-261: school operating costs less transportation, capital and debt service, adult education and several reimbursed items. The pupil count is the average daily membership of the students the town pays for. Neither side matches OPM’s audited education spending, so a number here will not match a number there, and no chart on this page places the two on one axis — why the per-pupil figures differ.
- The town is the unit, including the grades a regional district runs. Where a town belongs to a regional school district, the state folds the district’s costs and students back onto each member town by its share of the students, and counts tuition a town pays to send students elsewhere. That puts member towns and towns running every grade themselves on one basis, which the OPM figures above do not.
- Coverage. The school years covered, and any year this town is not reported, appear here once the data loads.
11 Over a longer span, how has school spending moved against enrollment and prices?
Net Current Education Expenditures, Enrollment and Consumer Prices, Indexed
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Source: CT State Department of Education, Bureau of Fiscal Services, net current expenditures (nce) and average daily membership (adm) by town, packaged as ct_school_finance_trend.json (cut from ct_school_finance_town.json). Consumer prices — US Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI-U, series CUUR0000SA0, annual averages, with each school fiscal year carrying the calendar year it begins in. Each line is set to 100 in the first school year this town reports. Net current expenditures are the state’s statutory measure, not the OPM education expenditures charted above and not a town’s adopted school budget. CPI-U is a consumer price index, not a school cost index.
12 What has that meant per student, before and after inflation?
Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil, Nominal and Adjusted for Consumer Prices
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Source: CT State Department of Education, Bureau of Fiscal Services, net current expenditures per pupil (ncep, net current expenditures ÷ average daily membership, as the state publishes it), packaged as ct_ncep_towns.json. The adjusted line divides each year by CPI-U (CUUR0000SA0, annual averages, each school fiscal year carrying the calendar year it begins in) relative to the first year shown. The dashed line is the median across every other town with a figure in every year shown, each town’s own figure first; the subject town is excluded from it. Read from ct_ncep_towns.json, the same series as the per-pupil charts at the top of the page; for a town whose regional district runs every grade, the later years are the district’s figure and the finding names it.
13 How large is the state’s education grant next to what the schools cost?
Education Cost Sharing Entitlement as a Share of Net Current Expenditures
Source: CT State Department of Education, Bureau of Fiscal Services — Education Cost Sharing entitlement (ecs, excluding prior-year adjustments) divided by net current expenditures (nce), same town, same school fiscal year, packaged as ct_school_finance_trend.json. The entitlement is the formula amount, not the payment the town recorded, and not the OPM estimate of statutory aid in the sixth chart on this page. The dashed line is the median across every other town the state reports in every year shown, each town’s own share first; the subject town is excluded from it.
The data behind these charts
Bethany’s own series behind the charts on this page, as text. Each table names the dataset it came from and the year of every row. The peer towns and group medians the charts also plot are not repeated here; they are in the same source files, linked in the footer.
Who Bethany is compared with
- Surrounding towns 7 towns
-
Beacon Falls · Cheshire · Hamden · Naugatuck · Prospect · Seymour · Woodbridge
The towns that share a border or an immediate labor market. Right for regional context; they are not matched on size or wealth.
- District Reference Group C 32 towns
-
Andover · Barkhamsted · Bethlehem · Bolton · Bridgewater · Burlington · Canton · Columbia · Cornwall · Durham · Ellington · Essex · Haddam · Harwinton · Hebron · Killingworth · Lyme · Mansfield · Marlborough · Middlefield · New Hartford · Old Lyme · Oxford · Pomfret · Roxbury · Salem · Sherman · Somers · Suffield · Tolland · Washington · Woodbury
The CT State Department of Education grouping of school districts on family income, parent education, family structure and enrollment. Last assigned in 2006, and built for education questions rather than town-side spending.
- Municipal peers 12 towns
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Burlington · North Stonington · Harwinton · Marlborough · Bolton · Middlebury · Woodbridge · Granby · New Hartford · Haddam · Pomfret · East Granby
Town-side spending, debt, reserves, and tax comparisons. Chosen by a published formula over state data rather than by hand: the nearest towns by standardized distance on the stated variables.
- School peers 12 towns
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North Stonington · Middlebury · Marlborough · Burlington · Canton · Bolton · East Granby · Harwinton · Preston · Prospect · Granby · Woodstock
Education spending comparisons. Chosen by a published formula over state data rather than by hand: the nearest towns by standardized distance on the stated variables.
Bethany is left out of each list above, because a town is never part
of the benchmark it is measured against. Group medians elsewhere on the site
exclude it the same way.
Sources: surrounding towns and District Reference Group are
the published groupings; the peer sets are built by a stated formula over CT
OPM data (Data/build_peer_sets.py), not selected by hand.
Education spending and enrollment by fiscal year
| Fiscal year | Enrollment (average daily membership) | Education expenditures | Share of total spending |
|---|---|---|---|
| FY 2013-14 | 914 | $15,923,151 | 72.7% |
| FY 2014-15 | 885 | $16,405,008 | 72.5% |
| FY 2015-16 | 841 | $16,698,230 | 71.9% |
| FY 2016-17 | 793 | $17,059,134 | 72.6% |
| FY 2017-18 | 785 | $17,215,700 | 72.6% |
| FY 2018-19 | 769 | $17,764,382 | 70.2% |
| FY 2019-20 | 761 | $17,117,365 | 70.1% |
| FY 2020-21 | 756 | $18,035,074 | 69.9% |
| FY 2021-22 | 756 | $16,773,402 | 68.9% |
| FY 2022-23 | 792 | $17,304,829 | 68.7% |
For a town in a regional district, education spending includes its payment to the district. Per-pupil spending is in the next table, on the state Department of Education's own measure; dividing these two columns gives a different figure. Source: CT OPM, Municipal Fiscal Indicators (ej6f-y2wf) - audited actuals as filed by each town.
Net current expenditures per pupil by school year
| School year | Per pupil | Net current expenditures | Resident students (average daily membership) | Row reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY 07-08 | $11,742 | $12,773,702 | 1,088 | Bethany |
| FY 08-09 | $12,596 | $13,535,299 | 1,075 | Bethany |
| FY 09-10 | $13,130 | $13,649,313 | 1,040 | Bethany |
| FY 10-11 | $13,511 | $13,705,852 | 1,014 | Bethany |
| FY 11-12 | $14,237 | $13,860,464 | 974 | Bethany |
| FY 12-13 | $14,774 | $13,940,813 | 944 | Bethany |
| FY 13-14 | $15,843 | $14,483,933 | 914 | Bethany |
| FY 14-15 | $16,690 | $14,769,712 | 885 | Bethany |
| FY 15-16 | $17,428 | $14,651,504 | 841 | Bethany |
| FY 16-17 | $18,444 | $14,625,985 | 793 | Bethany |
| FY 17-18 | $18,497 | $14,515,843 | 785 | Bethany |
| FY 18-19 | $18,577 | $14,282,895 | 769 | Bethany |
| FY 19-20 | $18,944 | $14,414,293 | 761 | Bethany |
| FY 20-21 | $20,210 | $15,271,696 | 756 | Bethany |
| FY 21-22 | $19,582 | $14,794,681 | 756 | Bethany |
| FY 22-23 | $18,948 | $15,010,824 | 792 | Bethany |
| FY 23-24 | $19,909 | $15,587,956 | 783 | Bethany |
| FY 24-25 | $20,768 | $16,051,560 | 773 | Bethany |
The state Department of Education's measure (CGS 10-261): current education spending less transportation, capital, debt service, adult education and several receipts, plus tuition paid for students educated elsewhere, divided by the resident students the town is responsible for. A regional district's costs are counted against its member towns. From 2017-18 the state prints no separate row for a town whose regional district runs every grade; those years are the district's figures, and its spending and students cover every member town. Nominal dollars. Source: CT State Department of Education, Bureau of Fiscal Services - Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil (via ct_ncep_towns.json).
Where Bethany sits among all 169 Connecticut towns, FY 2022-23
| Measure | Bethany | Rank, lowest to highest | Statewide median |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total expenditures per resident | $4,777 | 123 of 169 | $4,217 |
| Net current expenditures per pupil (school year 2024-25) | $20,768 | 44 of 169 | $23,247 |
| Equalized mill rate | 17.72 mills | 92 of 169 | 17.18 mills |
| Equalized net grand list per resident | $229,757 | 118 of 169 | $189,668 |
| Total fund balance as a share of total expenditures | 26.3% | 129 of 169 | 19.9% |
| Bonded long-term debt per resident | $2,536 | 115 of 169 | $1,741 |
| Intergovernmental revenue as a share of total revenues | 16.1% | 64 of 169 | 20.5% |
A rank is a position, not a grade. Which end of the list is preferable depends on the measure and on what a reader is trying to find out. Per-pupil spending is the state Department of Education's Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil for the school year in its label, every town read in that same year; a town whose regional district runs every grade carries the district's figure, so the member towns of one district tie. Source: CT OPM, Municipal Fiscal Indicators (ej6f-y2wf) - audited actuals as filed by each town. Ranks computed for FY 2022-23 across all 169 towns. Per-pupil spending: CT State Department of Education, Net Current Expenditures Per Pupil (via ct_ncep_towns.json).